Prevent Blindness America. The scope of the eye injury problem. www.preventblindness.org/sites/default/files/national/documents/fact_sheets/FS93_ScopeEyeInjury_0.pdf [Accessed March 1, 2018] 2021.
National Trauma Data Bank. www.facs.org/quality-programs/trauma/ntdb [Accessed March 1, 2018] 2021.
Characteristic | Number | Percent | Characteristic | Number | Percent | Mean (SD) | Median (interquartile range) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Age (y) | 11.9 (6.9) | 14 (5–18) | ||||
2008 | 7733 | 13.2 | 0–3 | 10 812 | 18.4 | ||
2009 | 8364 | 14.2 | 4–6 | 5626 | 9.6 | ||
2010 | 8484 | 14.4 | 7–11 | 7532 | 12.8 | ||
2011 | 8357 | 14.2 | 12–18 | 22 772 | 38.8 | ||
2012 | 8801 | 15 | 19–21 | 12 023 | 20.5 | ||
2013 | 8325 | 14.2 | |||||
2014 | 8701 | 14.8 | ISS | 12.6 (4) | 15 (12–15) | ||
Total | 58 475 | 100 | 1–8 | 26 777 | 45.6 | ||
9–15 | 13 288 | 22.6 | |||||
Sex | 16–24 | 8673 | 14.8 | ||||
Male | 40 395 | 68.7 | >24 | 7621 | 13 | ||
Female | 18 370 | 31.3 | Unknown | 2406 | 4.1 | ||
GCS | 13 (4) | 15 (14–15) | |||||
Race | <8 | 8048 | 13.7 | ||||
Black | 10 360 | 17.6 | 9–12 | 2117 | 3.6 | ||
White | 34 721 | 59.1 | 13–15 | 42 155 | 71.7 | ||
Other | 13 684 | 23.3 | Unknown | 6445 | 11 | ||
Hispanic | 9603 | 16.3 | TBI | 32 173 | 54.7 | ||
Injury type | Mortality | 1687 | 2.9 | ||||
Penetrating | 3523 | 6 | |||||
Blunt | 41 892 | 71.3 | Stay (d) | 5 (9) | 2 (1–5) | ||
Other | 9848 | 16.8 | 1 | 21 057 | 35.8 | ||
Unknown | 3502 | 6 | 2–3 | 17 962 | 30.6 | ||
4–6 | 8760 | 14.9 | |||||
Hospital level | >6 | 10 917 | 18.6 | ||||
I | 20 946 | 35.6 | Unknown | 69 | 0.1 | ||
II | 8319 | 14.2 | |||||
III | 1011 | 1.7 | Intention | ||||
IV | 150 | 0.3 | Assault | 9579 | 16.3 | ||
Not applicable | 28 339 | 48.2 | Self-inflicted | 437 | 0.7 | ||
Unintentional | 44 812 | 76.3 | |||||
Locations | 2952 | 0 | Other | 18 | 0 | ||
Home | 17 239 | 29.3 | Undetermined | 417 | 0.7 | ||
Other | 2952 | 5.5 | Unknown | 3502 | 6 | ||
Public building | 2232 | 3.8 | |||||
Recreation | 4720 | 8 | US regions | ||||
Residential Institute | 305 | 0.5 | Midwest | 12942 | 22 | ||
Street | 24 754 | 42.1 | Northeast | 9323 | 15.9 | ||
Unspecified | 4433 | 7.5 | South | 23 105 | 39.3 | ||
Unknown | 1852 | 3.2 | West | 12 282 | 20.9 | ||
Not applicable | 161 | 0.3 | |||||
Unknown | 952 | 1.6 |
Mechanism | ISS | Frequency | p value | OR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fall | 1–8 | 2592 | <0.0001 | 1.15 | 1.09–1.22 |
9–15 | 1451 | <0.001 | 1.32 | 1.24–1.41 | |
16–24 | 724 | 0.003 | 0.88 | 0.81–0.96 | |
>24 | 376 | <0.001 | 0.47 | 0.42–0.52 | |
MVT-occupant | 1–8 | 5190 | <0.001 | 0.42 | 0.41–0.44 |
9–15 | 4154 | <0.001 | 1.24 | 1.18–1.29 | |
16–24 | 3319 | <0.001 | 1.74 | 1.65–1.83 | |
>24 | 3203 | <0.001 | 2.04 | 1.94–2.14 | |
MVT-pedestrian | 1–8 | 539 | <0.001 | 0.33 | 0.30–0.36 |
9–15 | 688 | <0.001 | 1.41 | 1.28–1.54 | |
16–24 | 520 | <0.001 | 1.62 | 1.47–1.80 | |
>24 | 563 | <0.001 | 2.10 | 1.90–2.32 | |
Pedal cyclist | 1–8 | 219 | <0.001 | 0.45 | 0.39–0.53 |
9–15 | 248 | <0.001 | 1.62 | 1.38–1.89 | |
16–24 | 162 | <0.001 | 1.51 | 1.26–1.80 | |
>24 | 123 | 0.039 | 1.23 | 1.00–1.50 | |
Struck by/against | 1–8 | 6328 | <0.001 | 3.09 | 2.94–3.24 |
9–15 | 2020 | 0.002 | 0.92 | 0.87–0.97 | |
16–24 | 541 | <0.001 | 0.30 | 0.27–0.33 | |
>24 | 198 | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.10–0.13 | |
Firearm | 1–8 | 663 | <0.001 | 0.60 | 0.55–0.67 |
9–15 | 341 | <0.001 | 0.72 | 0.64–0.81 | |
16–24 | 332 | 0.006 | 1.18 | 1.05–1.34 | |
>24 | 534 | <0.001 | 2.62 | 2.36–2.91 | |
Cut/Pierce | 1–8 | 1449 | <0.001 | 32.96 | 24.98–44.37 |
9–15 | 36 | <0.001 | 0.08 | 0.05–0.11 | |
16–24 | 11 | <0.001 | 0.04 | 0.02–0.07 | |
>24 | 5 | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.01–0.05 | |
Natural/Environment | 1–8 | 295 | <0.001 | 1.58 | 1.32–1.90 |
9–15 | 132 | 0.147 | 1.16 | 0.94–1.42 | |
16–24 | 49 | <0.001 | 0.58 | 0.43–0.79 | |
>24 | 28 | <0.001 | 0.37 | 0.24–0.54 | |
Hot object | 1–8 | 510 | <0.001 | 8.17 | 6.36–10.63 |
9–15 | 53 | <0.001 | 0.33 | 0.24–0.43 | |
16–24 | 12 | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.06–0.20 | |
>24 | 6 | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.02–0.14 | |
Injury type | ISS | Frequency | p value | OR | 95% CI |
Open globe | 1–8 | 4951 | <0.001 | 3.82 | 3.60–4.05 |
9–15 | 607 | <0.001 | 0.30 | 0.27–0.32 | |
16–24 | 475 | <0.001 | 0.39 | 0.36–0.43 | |
>24 | 578 | <0.001 | 0.58 | 0.53–0.64 | |
Orbital fracture | 1–8 | 5407 | <0.001 | 0.41 | 0.39–0.42 |
9–15 | 5188 | <0.001 | 1.75 | 1.70–1.82 | |
16–24 | 3338 | <0.001 | 1.60 | 1.53–1.68 | |
>24 | 2802 | <0.001 | 1.45 | 1.38–1.53 | |
Adnexal contusion | 1–8 | 6272 | <0.001 | 0.53 | 0.51–0.55 |
9–15 | 4788 | <0.001 | 1.40 | 1.34–1.46 | |
16–24 | 3169 | <0.001 | 1.39 | 1.32–1.46 | |
>24 | 2910 | <0.001 | 1.50 | 1.42–1.58 | |
Open adnexal wound | 1–8 | 4951 | <0.001 | 3.82 | 3.60–4.05 |
9–15 | 607 | <0.001 | 0.30 | 0.27–0.32 | |
16–24 | 475 | <0.001 | 0.39 | 0.36–0.43 | |
>24 | 578 | <0.001 | 0.58 | 0.53–0.64 | |
Superficial wound | 1–8 | 3784 | <0.001 | 1.25 | 1.19–1.32 |
9–15 | 1741 | 0.25 | 1.03 | 0.98–1.10 | |
16–24 | 946 | <0.001 | 0.81 | 0.75–0.87 | |
>24 | 749 | <0.001 | 0.71 | 0.66–0.77 | |
Visual pathway injury | 1–8 | 176 | <0.001 | 0.25 | 0.22–0.30 |
9–15 | 181 | 0.004 | 0.79 | 0.67–0.92 | |
16–24 | 189 | <0.001 | 1.42 | 1.21–1.67 | |
>24 | 380 | <0.001 | 4.63 | 4.05–5.29 | |
Other cranial nerves | 1–8 | 346 | <0.001 | 0.25 | 0.22–0.28 |
9–15 | 483 | 0.008 | 1.15 | 1.04–1.29 | |
16–24 | 507 | <0.001 | 2.15 | 1.93–2.39 | |
>24 | 510 | <0.001 | 2.55 | 2.29–2.83 |
America's Children. Key national indicators of well-being, 2017. www.childstats.gov/americaschildren/demo.asp [Accessed March 1, 2018].
Acknowledgments
Footnotes and Disclosure
References
Prevent Blindness America. The scope of the eye injury problem. www.preventblindness.org/sites/default/files/national/documents/fact_sheets/FS93_ScopeEyeInjury_0.pdf [Accessed March 1, 2018] 2021.
- Pediatric eye injury-related hospitalizations in the United States.Pediatrics. 2006; 117: e1263-e1267
- Ocular trauma in children after major trauma.J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2005; 42: 349-354
- Spectrum of ocular injuries in children with major trauma.J Trauma. 2005; 59: 169-174
National Trauma Data Bank. www.facs.org/quality-programs/trauma/ntdb [Accessed March 1, 2018] 2021.
- Prevalence of ocular and orbital injuries in polytrauma patients.Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2011; 37: 135-140
- The epidemiology and etiology of pediatric ocular trauma.Surv Ophthalmol. 2013; 58: 476-485
America's Children. Key national indicators of well-being, 2017. www.childstats.gov/americaschildren/demo.asp [Accessed March 1, 2018].
Article Info
Publication History
Footnotes
This topic was presented at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, 2017 annual meeting, Baltimore, MD, by Ethan Sobol MD.